The sixth edition of the foundational reference on cognitive neuroscience, with entirely new material that covers the latest research, experimental approaches, and measurement methodologies.

Each edition of this classic reference has proved to be a benchmark in the developing field of cognitive neuroscience. The sixth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences continues to chart new directions in the study of the biological underpinnings of complex cognition—the relationship between the structural and physiological mechanisms of the nervous system and the psychological reality of the mind. It offers entirely new material, reflecting recent advances in the field, covering the latest research, experimental approaches, and measurement methodologies.

This sixth edition treats such foundational topics as memory, attention, and language, as well as other areas, including computational models of cognition, reward and decision making, social neuroscience, scientific ethics, and methods advances. Over the last twenty-five years, the cognitive neurosciences have seen the development of sophisticated tools and methods, including computational approaches that generate enormous data sets. This volume deploys these exciting new instruments but also emphasizes the value of theory, behavior, observation, and other time-tested scientific habits.

Section editors

Sarah-Jayne Blakemore and Ulman Lindenberger, Kalanit Grill-Spector and Maria Chait, Tomás Ryan and Charan Ranganath, Sabine Kastner and Steven Luck, Stanislas Dehaene and Josh McDermott, Rich Ivry and John Krakauer, Daphna Shohamy and Wolfram Schultz, Danielle Bassett and Nikolaus Kriegeskorte, Marina Bedny and Alfonso Caramazza, Liina Pylkkänen and Karen Emmorey, Mauricio Delgado and Elizabeth Phelps, Anjan Chatterjee and Adina Roskies

Table of Contents

I BRAIN CIRCUITS OVER A LIFETIME

Introduction · Sarah-Jayne Blakemore and Ulman Lindenberger

1 Early Moral Cognition: A Principle-Based Approach • Melody Buyukozer Dawkins, Fransisca Ting, Maayan Stavans, and Renee Baillargeon

2 Imaging Structural Brain Development in Childhood and Adolescence • Christian K. Tamnes and Kathryn L. Mills

3 Cognitive Control and Affective Decision-Making in Childhood and Adolescence • Eveline A. Crone and Anna C. K.van Duijvenvoorde

4 Social Cognition and Social Brain Development in Adolescence• Emma J. Kilford and Sarah-Jayne Blakemore

5 A Lifespan Perspective on Human Neurocognitive Plasticity • Kristine Beate Walhovd and Martin Lovden

6 Brains, Hearts, and Minds: Trajectories of Neuroanatomical and Cognitive Change and Their Modification by Vascular and Metabolic Factors • Naftali Raz

7 Brain Maintenance and Cognition in Old Age • Lars Nyberg and Ulman Lindenberger

8 The Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine System's Role in Cognition and How It Changes with Aging • Mara Mather

II AUDITORY AND VISUAL PERCEPTION

Introduction • Kalanit Grill-Spectorand Maria Chait

9 The Cognitive Neuroanatomy of Human Ventral Occipitotemporal Cortex • Kevin S. Weiner and Jason D. Yeatman

10 Population Receptive Field Models in Human Visual Cortex • Jonathan Winawer and Noah C. Benson

11 Face Perception • Bruno Rossion and Talia L. Retter

12 Multisensory Perception: Behavior, Computations, and Neural Mechanisms • Uta Noppeney

13 Computational Models of Human Object and Scene Recognition • Aude Oliva

14 Brain Mechanisms of Auditory Scene Analysis• Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham

15 Neural Filters for Challenging Listening Situations• Jonas Obleser and Julia Erb

16 Three Functions of Prediction Error for Bayesian Inference in Speech Perception• Matthew H. Davis and Ediz Sohoglu

Ill MEMORY

Introduction • Tomas J. Ryan and Charan Ranganath

17 Ignoring the Innocuous: Neural Mechanisms of Habituation • Samuel F. Cooke and Mani Ramaswami

18 Memory and Instinct as a Continuum of Information Storage· Tomas J. Ryan

19 Context in Spatial and Episodic Memory • Joshua B. Julian and Christian F. Doeller

20 Maps, Memories, and the Hippocampus • Charan Ranganath and Arne D. Ekstrom

21 Memory across Development with Insights from Emotional Learning: A Nonlinear Process • Heidi C. Meyer and Siobhan S. Pattwell

22 Episodic Memory Modulation: How Emotion and Motivation Shape the Encoding and Storage of Salient Memories • Matthias J. Gruber and Maureen Ritchey

23 Replay-Based Consolidation Governs Enduring Memory Storage • Ken A. Paller, James W. Antony, Andrew R. Mayes, and Kenneth A. Norman

24 The Dynamic Memory Engram Life Cycle: Reactivation, Destabilization, and Reconsolidation • Temidayo Orederuand Daniela Schiller

IV ATTENTION AND WORKING MEMORY

Introduction • Sabine Kastner and Steven Luck

25 Memory and Attention: The Back and Forth • A. C. (Kia) Nobre and M. S. Strokes

26 The Developmental Dynamics of Attention and Memory • Gaia Scerif

27 Network Models of Attention and Working Memory • Monica D. Rosenberg and MaNin M. Chun

28 The Role of Alpha Oscillations for Attention and Working Memory • Ole Jensen and Simon Hanslmayr

29 A Role for Gaze Control Circuitry in the Selection and Maintenance of Visual Spatial Information • Tirin Moore, Donatas Jonikaitis, and Warren Pettine

30 Online and Off-Line Memory States in the Human Brain • Edward Awh and Edward K. Vogel

31 How Working Memory Works • Timothy J. Buschman and Earl K. Miller

32 Functions of the Visual Thalamus in Selective Attention • W. Martin Usrey and Sabine Kastner

V NEUROSCIENCE, COGNITION, AND COMPUTATION: LINKING HYPOTHESES

Introduction • Stanislas Dehaene and Josh McDermott

33 An Optimization-Based Approach to Understanding Sensory Systems • Daniel Yamins

34 Physical Object Representations for Perception and Cognition • liker Yildirim, Max Siegel, and Joshua Tenenbaum

35 Constructing Perceptual Decision-Making across Cortex • Roman Rossi-Pool, Jose Vergara, and Ranulfo Romo

36 Rationality and Efficiency in Human Decision-Making • Christopher Summerfield and Konstantinos Tsetsos

37 Opening Burton's Clock: Psychiatric Insights from Computational Cognitive Models• Daniel Bennett and Yael Niv

38 Executive Control and Decision-Making: A Neural Theoryof Prefrontal Function • Etienne Koechlin

39 Semantic Representationin the Human Brain under Rich, Naturalistic Conditions • Jack L. Gallant and Sara F. Popham

VI INTENTION, ACTION, CONTROL

Introduction • Richard B. lvry and John W. Krakauer

40 The Physiology of the Healthy and Damaged Corticospinal Tract • Monica A. Perez

41 The Neuroscience of Brain-Machine Interfaces• Andrew Jackson

42 Somatosensory Input for Real-World Hand and Arm Control • Jeffrey Weiler and J. Andrew Pruszynski

43 Reorganizationin Adult Primate Sensorimotor Cortex: Does It Really Happen? • Tamar R. Makin, Jorn Diedrichsen, and John W. Krakauer

44 The Basal Ganglia Invigorate Actions and Decisions • David Robbe and Joshua Tate Dudman

45 Preparation of Movement • Adrian M. Haith and Sven Bestmann

46 Visuomotor Adaptation Tasks as a Window into the Interplay between Explicit and Implicit Cognitive Processes• Jordan A. Taylor and Samuel D. McDougle

47 Apraxia: A Disorder at the Cognitive-Motor Interface • Laurel J. Buxbaum and Soleme Kalenine

VII REWARD AND DECISION MAKING

Introduction • Daphna Shohamy and Wolfram Schultz

48 Dopamine Reward Prediction Errors: The Interplay between Experiments and Theory • Clara K. Starkweather and Naoshige Uchida

49 Dopamine Prediction Error Responses Reflect Economic Utility • William R. Stauffer and Wolfram Schultz

50 The Role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Economic Decisions • Katherine E. Conen and Camillo Padoa-Schioppa

51 Neural Mechanisms of Perceptual Decision-Making • Gabriel M. Stine, Ariel Zylberberg, Jochen Ditterich, and Michael N. Shadlen

52 Memory, Reward, and Decision-Making • Katherine Duncan and Daphna Shohamy

53 The Role of the Primate Amygdala in Reward and Decision-Making • Fabian Grabenhorst, C. Daniel Salzman, and Wolfram Schultz

54 Cortico-Striatal Circuits and Changes in Reward, Learning, and Decision-Making in Adolescence • Adriana Galvan, Kristen Delevich, and Linda Wilbrecht

55 Dopamine and Reward: Implications for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders• Andrew Westbrook, Roshan Cools, and Michael J. Frank

VIII METHODS ADVANCES

Introduction • Danielle Bassett and Nikolas Kriegeskorte

56 Representational Models and the Feature Fallacy • Jorn Diedrichsen

57 An Introduction to Time-Resolved Decoding Analysis for M/EEG • Thomas A. Carlson, Tijl Grootswagers, and Amanda K. Robinson

58 Encoding and Decoding Framework to Uncover the Algorithms of Cognition• Jean-RemiKing, Laura Gwilliams, Chris Holdgraf, Jona Sassenhagen,Alexandre Barachant. Denis Engemann, Eric Larson, and Alexandre Gramfort

59 Deep Learning for Cognitive Neuroscience • Katherine R. Storrs and Nikolaus Kriegeskorte

60 Connectomes, Generative Models, and Their Implications for Cognition • Petra E. Vertes

61 Network-BasedApproaches for Understanding Intrinsic Control Capacities of the Human Brain • Danielle Bassett and Fabio Pasqualetti

62 Functional Connectivity and Neuronal Dynamics: Insights from Computational Methods • Demian Battaglia and Andrea Brovelli

IX CONCEPTS AND CORE DOMAINS

Introduction • Marina Bedny and Alfonso Caramazza

63 Concepts of Actions and Their Objects • Anna Leshinskaya, Moritz F. Wurm, and Alfonso Caramazza

64 The Representation of Tools in the Human Brain • Bradford Z. Mahon

65 Narve Physics: Building a Mental Model of How the World Behaves • Jason Fischer

66 Concepts and Object Domains • Yanchao Bi

67 Concepts, Models, and Minds• Alex Clarke and Lorraine K. Tyler

68 The Contribution of Sensorimotor Experience to the Mind and Brain • Marina Bedny

69 Spatial Knowledge and Navigation • Russell A. Epstein

70 The Nature of Human Mathematical Cognition • Jessica F. Cantlon

71 Conceptual Combination • Marc N. Coutanche, Sarah H. Solomon, and Sharon L. Thompson-Schill

XL ANGUAGE

Introduction • Liina Pylkkanen and Karen Emmorey

72 The Crosslinguistic Neuroscience of Language • Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky and Matthias Schlesewsky

73 The Neurobiology of Sign Language Processing • Mairead MacSweeney and Karen Emmorey

74 The Neurobiology of Syntactic and Semantic Structure Building • Liina Pylkkanen and Jonathan R. Brennan

75 The Brain Network That Supports High-Level Language Processing • Evelina Fedorenko

76 Neural Processing of Word Meaning • Jeffrey R. Binder and Leonardo Fernandino

77 Neural Mechanisms Governing the Perception of Speech under Adverse Listening Conditions • Patti Adank

78 The Cerebral Bases of Language Acquisition • Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz and Claire Kabdebon

79 Aphasia and Aphasia Recovery• Stephen M. Wilson and Julius Fridriksson

XI SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE

Introduction • Elizabeth Phelps and Mauricio Delgado

80 Neurobiology of Infant Threat Processing and Developmental Transitions • Patrese A. Robinson-Drummer, Tania Roth, Charlis Raineki, Maya Opendak, and Regina M. Sullivan

81 More than Just Friends: An Exploration of the Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying the Link between Social Support and Health • Erica A. Hornstein, Tristen K. Inagaki, and Naomi I. Eisenberger

82 Mechanisms of Loneliness • Stephanie Cacioppo and John T.Cacioppo

83 Neural Mechanisms of Social Learning • Dominic S. Fareri, Luke J. Chang, and Mauricio Delgado

84 Social Learning of Threat and Safety • Andreas Olsson, Philip Parnamets, Erik C. Nook, and Bjorn Lindstrom

85 Neurodevelopmental Processes That Shape the Emergence of Value-Guided Goal-Directed Behavior • Catherine lnsel, Juliet Y. Davidow, and Leah H. Somerville

86 The Social Neuroscience of Cooperation • Julian A. Wills, Leor Hackel, Oriel Feldman Hall, Philip Parnamets, and Jay J. Van Bavel

87 Interpersonal Neuroscience • Thalia Wheatley and Adam Boncz

XII NEUROSCIENCE AND SOCIETY

Introduction • Anjan Chatterjee and Adina Roskies

88 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Moral Judgment and Decision-Making • Joshua D. Greene and Liane Young

89 Law and Neuroscience: Progress, Promise, and Pitfalls • Owen D. Jones and Anthony D. Wagner

90 Neuroscience and Socioeconomic Status • Martha J. Farah

91 A Computational Psychiatry Approach toward Addiction • Xiaosi Gu and Bryon Adinoff

92 Neurotechnologies for Mind Reading: Prospects for Privacy • Adina Roskies

93 Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement: Implications for Ethics and Society• George Savulich and Barbara J. Sahakian

94 Brain-Machine Interfaces: From Basic Science to Neurorehabilitation • Miguel A. L. Nicolelis

95 Aesthetics: From Mind to Brain and Back • Oshin Vartanian and Anjan Chatterjee

96 Music: Prediction, Production, Perception, Plasticity, and Pleasure • Robert J. Zatorre and Virginia B. Penhune

XIII LOOKING AHEAD: CHALLENGES IN ADVANCING COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

97 Towarda Socially Responsible, Transparent, and Reproducible Cognitive Neuroscience • Sikoya M. Ashburn, David Abugaber, James W. Antony, Kelly A.

Bennion, David Bridwell, Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez, Manoj Doss, Lucfa Fernandez, Inge Huijsmans, Lara Krisst, Regina Lapate, Evan Layher, Josiah Leong,

Yuanning Li, Freddie Marquez, Felipe Munoz-Rubke, Elizabeth Musz, Tara K. Patterson, John P. Powers, Daria Proklova, Kristina M. Rapuano, Charles S. H.

Robinson, Jessica M. Ross, Jason Samaha, Matthew Sazma, Andrew X. Stewar

About the Authors

David Poeppel is Professor of Psychology and Neural Science at New York University, and Director of the Department of Neuroscience at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics.

George R. Mangun is Director of the Center for Mind and Brain, Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Neurology, and Director of the Kavli Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of California, Davis, and coeditor of the fifth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences (MIT Press).

Michael S. Gazzaniga is Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Director of the SAGE Center for the Study of the Mind at the University of California, Santa Barbara, Codirector of the Kavli Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience, and editor or coeditor of the five previous editions of The Cognitive Neurosciences (all published by the MIT Press).