This book describes the concept, characteristics, methodology, design, management, business, recent advances and future technologies of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFAL) and indoor vertical farms.

The third wave of PFAL business started in around 2010 in Japan and Taiwan, and in USA and Europe it began in about 2013 after the rapid advances in LED technology. The book discusses the basic and advanced developments in recent PFALs and future smart PFALs that emerged in 2016.

There is an emerging interest around the globe in smart PFAL R&D and business, which are expected to play an important role in urban agriculture in the coming decades. It is also expected that they will contribute to solving the trilemma of food, environment and natural resources with increasing urban populations and decreasing agricultural populations and arable land area.

Current obstacles to successful PFAL R&D and business are: 1) no well-accepted concepts and methodology for PFAL design and management, 2) lack of understanding of the environmental effects on plant growth and development and hydroponics among engineers; 3) lack of understanding of the technical and engineering aspects of PFAL among horticulturists; 4) lack of knowledge of the technical challenges and opportunities in future PFAL businesses among business professionals, policy makers, and investors and 5) lack of a suitable textbook on the recent advances in PFAL technologies and business for graduate students and young researchers. This book covers all the aspects of successful smart PFAL R & D and business.

Table of Contents

Part I: Characteristics of Current Plant Factories and Next Generation Plant Factory

Chapter 1: Current Status of Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting (PFALs) and Smart PFALs

Chapter 2: Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting (PFALs): Benefits, Problems, and Challenges

Chapter 3: Protocols, Issues and Potential Improvements of Current Cultivation Systems

Chapter 4: Design and Control of Smart Plant Factory

Chapter 5: Designing a Cultivation System Module (CSM) Considering the Cost Performance: A Step Toward Smart PFALs

Part II: Recent Outcomes in Development and Business

Chapter 6: Business Planning on Efficiency, Productivity, and Profitability

Chapter 7: Renewable Energy Makes Plant Factory "Smart"

Chapter 8: Total Indoor Farming Concepts for Large-Scale Production

Chapter 9: SAIBAIX: Production Process Management System

Chapter 10: Air Distribution and Its Uniformity

Part Ill: Re-considerations of Photosynthesis, LEDs, Units and Terminology

Chapter 11: Reconsidering the Fundamental Characteristics of Photosynthesis and LEDs

Chapter 12: Reconsidering the Terminology and Units for Light and Nutrient Solution

Part IV: Advances in Research on LED Lighting

Chapter 13: Usefulness of Broad-Spectrum White LEDs to Envision Future Plant Factory

Chapter 14: LED Lighting Technique to Control Plant Growth and Morphology

Chapter 15: The Quality and Quality Shifting of the Night Interruption Light Affect the Morphogenesis and Flowering in Floricultural Plants

Part V: Advanced Technologies to Be Implemented in the Smart Plant Factory

Chapter 16: Mechanization of Agriculture Considering Its Business Model

Chapter 17: Quantifying the Environmental and Energy Benefits of Food Growth in the Urban Environment

Chapter 18: Applications for Breeding and High-Wire Tomato Production in Plant Factory

Chapter 19: Molecular Breeding for Plant Factory: Strategies and Technology

Chapter 20: Production of Value-Added Plants

Chapter 21: Chemical Inquiry into Herbal Medicines and Food Additives

Chapter 22: Detection and Utilization of Biological Rhythms in Plant Factories

Chapter 23: Automated Characterization of Plant Growth and Flowering Dynamics Using RGB Images

Chapter 24: Toward Nutrient Solution Composition Control in Hydroponic System

Chapter 25: Phenotyping- and Al-Based Environmental Control and Breeding for PFAL

Chapter 26: Plant Cohort Research and Its Application

Chapter 27: Concluding Remarks

About the Author

Toyoki Kozai obtained a BS degree in Horticultural Sciences from Chiba University, and Master and Doctoral degrees in Agricultural Engineering from the University of Tokyo. When he started his academic career in 1973 as an agricultural engineer, his work was focused on greenhouse environment control engineering. After establishing his early work on greenhouse light environments, energy saving, ventilation and computer control, his scientific interest extended to in vitro environment control in plant tissue culture, sugar-free media and photoautotrophic micro-propagation, and plant production in closed systems with artificial lighting. His first paper on plant production using LED was published in the early 1990’s.

He was inaugurated as the President of Chiba University in 2005. He subsequently returned to research and education as a professor emeritus in an endowed chair position at the Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, with a special focus on medicinal plant production under controlled environments. From 2010 to 2018, he worked as the President of Japan Plant Factory Association (non-profit organization) and has been leading the R & D of “plant factory with artificial lighting (PFAL)” for commercial production of plants and “integrative environment control of greenhouses” using heat pump, fogging and null-balance CO2 enrichment systems for hot summer regions.

Between 2010 and 2018, he gave invited lectures at more than 20 international conferences held in Abu Dhabi, Australia, China, England, Korea, Panama, Portugal, Thailand, Turkey and USA.

His awards include: Lifetime Achievement Award (2009) from Society of In Vitro Biology, USA; the 2002 Purple Ribbon Award from Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports; Japan Prize of Agricultural Sciences from Association of Japanese Agricultural Scientific Societies, and many others.