Over the course of human history, the sciences, and biology in particular, have often been manipulated to cause immense human suffering. For example, biology has been used to justify eugenic programs, forced sterilization, human experimentation, and death camps, all in an attempt to support notions of racial superiority. By investigating the past, the contributors to "Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins" hope to better prepare us to discern ideological abuse of science when it occurs in the future. Denis R. Alexander and Ronald L. Numbers bring together fourteen experts to examine the varied ways science has been used and abused for nonscientific purposes from the fifteenth century to the present day. Featuring an essay on eugenics from Edward J. Larson and an examination of the progress of evolution by Michael Ruse, "Biology and Ideology" examines uses both benign and sinister, ultimately reminding us that ideological extrapolation continues today. An accessible survey, this collection will enlighten historians of science, their students, practicing scientists, and anyone interested in the relationship between science and culture.

Table of Contents

1. The cultural authority of natural history in early modern Europe

2. Biology, atheism, and politics in eighteenth-century France

3. Eighteenth-century uses of vitalism in constructing the human sciences

4. Biology in the service of natural theology: Paley, Darwin, and the Bridgewater Treatises

5. Race, empire, and biology before Darwinism

6. Darwin's choice

7. Biology and the emergence of the Anglo-American eugenics movement

8. Genetics, eugenics, and the Holocaust

9. Darwinism, Marxism, and genetics in the Soviet Union

10. Evolution and the idea of social Progress

11. Beauty and the beast? Conceptualizing sex in evolutionary narratives

12. Creationism, intelligent design, and modern biology

13. The ideological uses of evolutionary biology in recent atheist apologetics

Review

"A gripping book on the grey area between the use and abuse of biology for ideological purposes. Eugenics, racism and sexism, apologias for theism, vitalism, and atheism are just a few of the agendas that have shaped, and been shaped by, biological theory. Describing extrapolations that have often added to the sum of human suffering, the essays here, from distinguished historians of science, are authoritative, compelling, and disturbing."--John Brooke, University of Oxford

"Essential."-- "Choice"

"These fascinating, well-referenced, discussions, covering such causes célèbres as Paley, Lysenko, and Dawkins, will surely be of value to the teacher and student, to practicing scientist and those interested in the relationship between science and society."

--David E. Packham "Metascience"

About the Authors

Denis R. Alexander is director of the Faraday Institute for Science and Religion, St Edmund's College, University of Cambridge, and has worked in the biological research community for the past forty years.

Ronald L. Numbers is the Hilldale Professor of History of Science and Medicine at the University of Wisconsin - Madison and coeditor of When Science and Christianity Meet, also published by the University of Chicago Press.